Atuação da clínica jurídica Cravinas no enfrentamento às violações de direitos sexuais e reprodutivos durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Cravinas legal clinic's action in addressing violations of sexual and reproductive rights during the COVID-19 pandemic / Acción de la clínica jurídica Cravinas frente a las violaciones de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: investigar as possibilidades de atuação de uma clínica jurídica em direitos humanos diante de uma emergência sanitária com efeitos dramáticos para mulheres e meninas vulneráveis. Metodologia: estudo de caso da atuação do Cravinas, projeto de extensão da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) que atua como uma clínica jurídica em direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: a grave crise de saúde gerada pela COVID-19 reposicionou as prioridades do Cravinas para evidenciar cuidados em saúde abertamente atacados pelo governo federal. A atuação da clínica priorizou ações de acesso à informação, de formação em saúde e direitos e de litígio estratégico, em uma constelação de estratégias atenta e engajada na defesa de populações que nunca estiveram nas prioridades da agenda pública. Conclusão: diante de um cenário de crise, as clínicas jurídicas podem ajudar a propor urgências contra-hegemônicas capazes de responder a problemas e a cuidar de pessoas que estão fora da agenda prioritária das políticas públicas ligadas à pandemia.

Objective: to explore the potential actions of intervention by a legal clinic focusing on human rights in the context of a health emergency with severe repercussions for vulnerable women and girls. Methods:the research adopts a case study approach, examining the activities of Cravinas, an extension project at the University of Brasilia (UnB) that operates as a pro bono office specializing in sexual and reproductive rights. The investigation specifically delves into Cravinas' initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results:the profound health crisis induced by COVID-19 prompted Cravinas to realign its priorities, emphasizing healthcare under open attack by the federal government. The clinic's interventions were centered around providing access to information, delivering health and rights training, and engaging in strategic litigation. These strategies collectively constituted a conscientious and committed effort to defend populations that historically found themselves outside the ambit of public policy priorities. Conclusion: in the face of a crisis, legal clinics possess the potential to propose counter-hegemonic urgencies, offering responses to challenges and providing support for individuals not prioritized in public policies linked to the pandemic.

Objetivo: investigar las posibilidades de actuación de una clínica jurídica en derechos humanos ante una emergencia sanitaria con efectos dramáticos para mujeres y niñas vulnerables. Metodología: estudio de caso del trabajo de Cravinas, proyecto de extensión de la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB) que presta asistencia legal gratuita por los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: la grave crisis sanitaria generada por el COVID-19 reposicionó las prioridades de Cravinas para poner de relieve la atención sanitaria abiertamente atacada por el gobierno federal. Las acciones de la clínica priorizaron el acceso a la información, la capacitación en salud y derechos y el litigio estratégico, en una constelación de estrategias atentas y comprometidas con la defensa de poblaciones que nunca habían estado en las prioridades de la agenda pública. Conclusión: frente a un escenario de crisis, las clínicas jurídicas pueden ayudar a proponer urgencias contra hegemónicas capaces de responder a los problemas y atender a las personas que están fuera de la agenda prioritaria de las políticas públicas vinculadas a la pandemia.

Contemporary reflection on the educational levels of high-performance soccer players in Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective As the soccer culture in Brazil is more popular than schooling, this study reflected on the formal education levels of soccer (football) players through descriptive and quantitative analyses. Methods We evaluated 179 national soccer players playing various positions on different teams across six seasons (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022). Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising the following variables: age, position in the pitch, age of professionalization, and education (years of study). The data were distributed according to the pitch position. Results The mean age, length of professional career, and professionalization age were 23±6 years, 7±5 years, and 17±2 years, respectively. In terms of education, 121 athletes (67%) completed high school, equivalent to 11 years of study. Only 5.5% completed higher education, with defensive players (goalkeepers and defenders) being the most educated at 37% (66/179). According to 2017 figures from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua of the Federal Government of Brazil, the schooling rate is 31.7%, wherein 46.1% of Brazilians aged 25 years or over have completed education. In this study of 179 athletes, 67% had completed high school. Thus, players outrank the Brazilian population in terms of achieving a high school education. There were marked disparities in the relative proportions of goalkeepers (85%), defensive players (68%), midfielders (63%), and forward players (64%) in terms of their education. Conclusion Our survey revealed that attending higher education remains a distant reality in Brazil.

Monitoria acadêmica: uma formação docente para discentes / Academic monitorship: teacher training for undergraduates

Resumo Introdução: A monitoria acadêmica é um processo de formação e introdução à docência que é prevista nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014 e tem o potencial de conferir maior competência à área de educação em saúde a qual é valorizada pelo Sistema de Acreditação de Escolas Médicas como um indicador internacional de qualidade. Objetivo: O estudo buscou identificar as principais potencialidades e desafios da monitoria acadêmica na formação médica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo de caráter transversal realizado com 11 estudantes de Medicina, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e com análise de dados feita a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa do tipo textual-discursiva. Resultado: Os códigos foram reunidos em quatro categorias: 1. motivações para participação, 2. desafios enfrentados, 3. aprendizados desenvolvidos e 4. carreira docente. A principal motivação foi currículo, seguido de interesse em aprender conteúdo. Os maiores desafios foram o desenvolvimento da responsabilidade e a explicação do conteúdo. Dentre os aprendizados, habilidades didáticas, aprendizagem significativa e metodologias de ensino foram as mais prevalentes. Em termos de carreira, a monitoria ao menos apresentou a docência como possibilidade para além da prática médica assistencial, e os aspectos ser facilitador, ter habilidades interpessoais e preocupar-se com o aluno constituíram a tríade - na visão dos monitores - de um "bom professor". Conclusão: A monitoria acadêmica é uma prática didático-pedagógica capaz de estimular o interesse e a profissionalização da carreira docente. Além disso, deve ser incentivada pelas políticas públicas e institucionais com o objetivo de qualificar futuros médicos para que possam atuar como educadores em e na saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Academic monitorship is a process of training and introduction to teaching that is foreseen in the National Curricular Guidelines of 2014 and has the potential to confer greater competence in the area of health education, which is valued by the Medical School Accreditation System as an international quality indicator. Objective: The study sought to identify the main potentialities and challenges of academic monitorship in medical education. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study conducted with 11 medical students, through semi-structured interviews and data analysis performed from a qualitative approach of the textual-discursive type. Result: The codes were grouped into four categories: (1) motivations for participation, (2) challenges faced, (3) learning developed and (4) teaching career. The main motivation was curriculum, followed by interest in learning content. The biggest challenges were developing responsibility and content explanation. Among the learnings, teaching skills, meaningful learning and teaching methodologies were the most prevalent. In terms of career, monitors at least presented teaching as a possibility beyond medical care practice, and being a facilitator, having interpersonal skills and caring about the student constituted the triad - in the monitors' view - of a "good teacher". Conclusion: Academic monitorship is a didactic-pedagogical practice capable of stimulating interest and professionalization in the teaching career. In addition, it should be encouraged by public and institutional policies with the objective of qualifying future doctors to act as educators in health care.

The European university alliances-an examination of organizational potentials and perils.

The European Union (EU) has repeatedly underlined the importance of higher education, research and innovation as drivers in the further development of Europe-economically, socially and culturally. One of the latest policy initiatives by the European Commission (EC) intended to promote this agenda is the European Universities Initiative (EUI) where alliances between universities across national borders are to identify new approaches for boosting European scientific cooperation. It might be argued that this development represents an attempt to find an organizational solution to the European policy ambitions in higher education, research and innovation. This article presents a framework for analysing European university alliances. Based on interviews with persons occupying key leadership and management roles in ten alliances, the article analyses the potential gains and perils alliances might face along four dimensions: their internal coordination, their ways of resolving conflicts, the commitment of member universities and the cultural characteristics of the alliances.

Effect of Rural Clinical Placements on Intention to Practice and Employment in Rural Australia: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Supporting the provision of clinical placement (CP) experiences in rural areas is a strategy used worldwide to promote the rural health workforce. While there is international evidence for this intervention in medicine, there is limited understanding of the influence of rural CP for nursing, midwifery, allied health, and dentistry health professions in Australia, which have received substantial federal investment. This review examined the relationship between rural CP and non-medicine health students' future rural practice intentions and workforce outcomes. METHODS: Four databases were systematically searched; papers were screened using defined criteria and appraised using the mixed-methods appraisal tool (MMAT). Findings were synthesized using a critical narrative approach. RESULTS: The methodological quality of the 29 eligible studies (13 quantitative non-randomized, 10 mixed method, 4 qualitative, 2 quantitative description) was appraised. Ten high-quality studies were identified. The review found that positive CP experiences may influence intention to practice rurally amongst undecided students and serve as a reinforcing experience for those students already interested in rural practice. There were mixed findings regarding the influence of CP length. The review also found that there is currently only evidence for the short-term effects of CP on students' future practice outcomes in rural areas with focus thus far on early practice outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Those looking to use rural CP to promote the rural health workforce should focus on supporting the quality of a large number of CP experiences that are undertaken in rural areas, as there are currently differing findings on the role of rural CP length. Future studies of rural CP should consider greater use of social and educational theories to guide them.

Do Credit Momentum Policies Through the 15 to Finish Improve Academic Progression and Completion of Low-Income, First-Generation Students? Evidence from a College Promise Program.

Credit momentum policies, or performance-based financial aid policies, have become increasingly popular among policymakers seeking to improve degree completion rates. This paper examines Indiana's 30-credit-hour completion policy on first-time, full-time students who receive the Twenty-First Century Scholars (TFCS) Promise Program. Using administrative data from the Indiana University's University Institutional Research and Reporting, representing 7842 low-income students who enrolled shortly before the policy was implemented, I use a difference-in-differences framework to explore the heterogeneous treatment effects of a credit (academic) momentum policy that was supported by the Complete College America 15 to Finish initiative on the academic progression and completion of promise scholarship recipients at Indiana University Bloomington and Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, compared to non-TFCS Pell recipients from the Fall 2011 cohorts through the Fall 2014 cohorts. I find some evidence to suggest that credit momentum policies are associated with small increases in cumulative credits and grades but had no effect on degree completion status (Year 4 Graduation Status, Year 6 Graduation Status). I also find evidence that TFCS female and first-generation recipients responded positively to the policy change but find no evidence that the policy affects promise recipients differently by race/ethnicity. While consistent with prior work on credit momentum, these findings are among the first to explore the academic performance of college promise recipients. Together, these findings indicate that credit momentum policies may improve academic progression and completion for low-income, first-generation students who receive a promise scholarship. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

Changed Landscape, Unchanged Norms: Work-Family Conflict and the Persistence of the Academic Mother Ideal.

Extensive research suggests that ideal worker and mothering expectations have long constrained academic mothers' personal and professional choices. This article explores how academic mothers experienced their dual roles amid the unprecedented shift in the work-life landscape due to COVID-19. Content analysis of questionnaire data (n = 141) suggests that academic mothers experienced significant bidirectional work-life conflict well into the fall of 2020. Increased home demands, such as caring for young children and remote schooling, interfered with their perceived capacity to meet ideal academic norms, including a singular focus on work, productivity standards, and their ability to signal job competency and commitment. Likewise, work demands reduced their perceived ability to meet ideal mothering norms, such as providing a nurturing presence and focusing on their children's achievement. Academic fathers experienced increased demands on their time but primarily described intra-role conflict within the work domain. Despite a pandemic landscape, ideal academic and mothering norms remained persistent and unchanged. The article concludes with implications for policy and practice in higher education.

La internacionalización de la educación superior y de las universidades médicas como fuente de desarrollo / The internationalization of higher education and medical universities as a source of development

RESUMEN Fundamento: la internacionalización es un medidor de la actividad de la educación superior a nivel mundial. Objetivo: caracterizar el rol de la internacionalización de la educación superior en diferentes partes del mundo, incluyendo a Cuba y especificando en la educación médica de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática para desarrollar un análisis reflexivo sobre la temática. La búsqueda se efectuó entre marzo 2019-diciembre 2021, en diferentes bases de datos y buscadores. Se accedió a revistas especializadas nacionales e internacionales. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: internacionalización, educación superior, educación médica, mercantilización de la salud, cooperación, colaboración. Tras la identificación de los estudios preseleccionados, se llevó a cabo la lectura de los títulos y resúmenes para comprobar su pertinencia con el estudio. Desarrollo: la internacionalización es una tendencia que genera intercambios de conocimientos y contribuye al desarrollo de la educación superior. En Cuba es un elemento necesario para conquistar estándares internacionales de excelencia académica, calidad y pertinencia. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín ha progresado en su compromiso social de elevar el desarrollo científico en la esfera de la educación médica en el ámbito mundial, al alcanzar resultados relevantes en las características que distinguen este proceso. Conclusiones: la internacionalización de la educación superior tiene un impacto positivo a nivel mundial. Cuba, a pesar de ser un país en vías de desarrollo tiene como premisa de la internacionalización, la colaboración y cooperación con el resto de los países del planeta.

ABSTRACT Background: internationalization is a measure of the activity of higher education worldwide. Objective: to characterize the role of the internationalization of higher education in different parts of the world, including Cuba and specifying in medical education in the province of Holguín, Cuba. Method: a systematic bibliographic review was carried out to develop a reflexive analysis on the subject. The search was carried out from March 2019 to December 2021, in different databases and search engines. National and international specialized journals were accessed. The keywords used were: internationalization, higher education, medical education, commercialization of health, cooperation, collaboration. After identifying the preselected studies, the titles and abstracts were read to check their relevance to the study. Development: internationalization is a trend that generates exchanges of knowledge and contributes to the development of higher education. In Cuba, it is a necessary element to achieve international standards of academic excellence, quality and relevance. Holguín University of Medical Sciences has progressed in its social commitment to elevate scientific development in the field of medical education worldwide, by achieving relevant results in the characteristics that distinguish this process. Conclusions: the internationalization of higher education has a positive impact worldwide. Cuba, despite being a developing country, has the premise of internationalization, collaboration and cooperation with the rest of the countries on the planet.

Museus na educação médica: uma revisão narrativa / Museums in medical education: a narrative review

Resumo: Introdução: A educação não formal é realizada fora do ambiente tradicional de ensino, com objetivos educacionais estruturados e a promoção da autonomia do educando para exploração do espaço, como em bibliotecas e museus. Assim, os museus possuem grande diversidade de temáticas e podem englobar diferentes determinantes do processo de saúde e doença. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo delimitar o panorama acerca dos museus como forma de curricularização da extensão nas escolas médicas brasileiras. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa realizada de fevereiro a julho de 2021. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir da análise, além da literatura pertinente, de três principais documentos: Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do curso de Medicina de 2014, Política Nacional de Educação Museal (Pnem) de 2017 e Diretrizes para a Extensão na Educação Superior Brasileira de 2018. Os descritores "educação médica" e "museus" e seus equivalentes em inglês foram utilizados na busca de trabalhos publicados nas bases de dados. Resultado: Os museus proporcionam uma ressignificação do conhecimento especializado próprio do acervo, com potencial para o desenvolvimento de habilidades clínicas relacionados à percepção, à investigação e ao pensamento criativo, contribuem para o acadêmico de Medicina se perceber como agente de suas práticas e posturas, além de oferecerem um espaço para dar voz aos usuários do serviço de saúde. Segundo a Pnem, a educação museal deve promover uma interação direta entre museu e sociedade, de modo a buscar a transformação social e se alinhar com o conceito das atividades de extensão, as quais comporão no mínimo 10% da carga horária da graduação em Medicina. Portanto, o museu é um meio para que as atividades extensionistas sejam desenvolvidas por meio da articulação entre ensino e pesquisa, e inserção e envolvimento da comunidade acadêmica na comunidade externa. Foram encontrados cerca de 26 museus concentrados principalmente no eixo Sul-Sudeste, cujas temáticas principais são história da medicina, biografias e anatomia humana, além de saúde e vida. Conclusão: A educação museal na medicina, por meio da extensão, pode impactar a ressignificação progressista de conceitos sobre o processo de saúde e doença, com consequente transformação do exercício vocacional para o cuidado, seja em termos de promoção, prevenção, recuperação ou reabilitação.

Abstract: Introduction: Non-formal education occurs outside the traditional teaching environment, with structured educational objectives and the promotion of student autonomy to explore spaces, such as in libraries and museums. Museums offer a wide range of themes and can encompass different determinants of the health and disease process. Objective: To outline the situation of museums as a form of extended curriculum in Brazilian medical schools. Method: This is a narrative review conducted from February to July 2021. The study was developed from the analysis, as well as the relevant literature, of three main documents: National Curriculum Guidelines for the Medicine Course 2014, National Policy for Museum Education (PNEM) 2017 and Guidelines for Outreach Programs in Brazilian Higher Education 2018. The descriptors "Medical Education" and "Museums" and their equivalents in Portuguese were used in the search for works published in the databases. Result: Museums provide a redefinition of the collection's own specialized knowledge, with the potential to develop clinical skills related to perception, investigation and creative thinking, contributing to the medical student to perceive themselves as an agent of their practices and postures, in addition to offering a space to give voice to health service users. According to the PNEM, museum education should promote a direct interaction between the museum and society, seeking social transformation, in line with the concept of outreach activities, which will represent at least 10% of the learning hours of undergraduate medical training. Therefore, the museum is a means for outreach activities to be developed, connecting teaching and research, including and involving the academic community in the external community. About 26 museums were found, mainly concentrated in the south-southeast axis, whose main themes are the history of medicine, biographies and human anatomy, health and life. Conclusion: Museum education in medicine, through outreach programs, can impact the progressive redefinition of concepts about the health and disease process, with a consequent transformation of the vocational exercise for care, whether in terms of promotion, prevention, recovery or rehabilitation.

Política de acesso, acessibilidade e inclusão educacional da pessoa com deficiência: revisão integrativa / Policy of access, accessibility and educational inclusion for persons with disabilities: integrative review / Política de acceso, accesibilidad e inclusión educativa de personas con discapacidad: revisión integradora

Objetivo: conhecer os aspectos abordados pela produção científica em relação à temática da inclusão da pessoa com deficiência nas instituições de ensino. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Medical Literature and Retrivial Sistem on Line, Web of science, SCOPUS e Directory of Open Access Journals. Recorte da busca de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: foram analisados vinte e um artigos. As publicações apresentaram temáticas relacionadas à Políticas de acesso, cotas e currículos e Barreiras e facilitadores da inclusão na educação. Considerações finais: os aspectos abordados pela produção científica evidenciaram que entraves são transversais à vivência dos estudantes em suas experiências acadêmicas. Lacunas curriculares, estereotipação do corpo, crenças, falta de capacitação do corpo docente cerca-nos de evidências de que mais do que quebra de paradigmas diante da pessoa com deficiência, é preciso que existam avanços nas práticas políticas para que barreiras como preconceito, discriminação e segregação não definam as relações humanas.

Objective: to learn what concerns are addressed by scientific production on the theme of inclusion for people with disabilities in educational institutions. Method: this integrative literature review searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Directory of Open Access Journals database entries from 2015 to 2019. Results: the twenty-one articles examined addressed themes relating to access policies, quotas and curricula, and barriers and facilitators of inclusion in education. Final considerations: the concerns addressed by the scientific production showed that obstacles are transversal to the students' experience in their academic life. Gaps in curricula, body stereotyping, beliefs, lack of capacity-building for teaching staffs surrounded us with evidence that, more than breaking paradigms regarding people with disabilities, there must be advances in political practices, so that barriers such as prejudice, discrimination, and segregation cease to define human relationships.

Objetivo: conocer los aspectos abordados por la producción científica en relación con el tema de la inclusión de personas con discapacidad en las instituciones de enseñanza. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos Medical Literature and Retrivial Sistem on Line, Web of science, SCOPUS y Directory of Open Access Journals. Recorte de búsqueda de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: se analizaron veintiún artículos. Las publicaciones presentaron temas relacionados con políticas de acceso, cuotas y currículos y Barreras y facilitadores de la inclusión en la educación. Consideraciones finales: los aspectos abordados por la producción científica mostraron que los obstáculos son transversales a la vivencia de los estudiantes en sus experiencias académicas. Lagunas curriculares, estereotipos del cuerpo, creencias, falta de formación del profesorado nos rodean con evidencias de que, más allá de romper paradigmas ante las personas con discapacidad, son necesarios avances en las prácticas políticas para que barreras como el prejuicio, la discriminación y la segregación no definan las relaciones humanas.

Rapid evidence review to inform safe return to campus in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted predominantly through the air in crowded and unventilated indoor spaces among unvaccinated people. Universities and colleges are potential settings for its spread. Methods: An interdisciplinary team from public health, virology, and biology used narrative methods to summarise and synthesise evidence on key control measures, taking account of mode of transmission. Results: Evidence from a wide range of primary studies supports six measures.  Vaccinate (aim for > 90% coverage and make it easy to get a jab). Require masks indoors, especially in crowded settings. If everyone wears well-fitting cloth masks, source control will be high, but for maximum self-protection, respirator masks should be worn.  Masks should not be removed for speaking or singing. Space people out by physical distancing (but there is no "safe" distance because transmission risk varies with factors such as ventilation, activity levels and crowding), reducing class size (including offering blended learning), and cohorting (students remain in small groups with no cross-mixing). Clean indoor air using engineering controls-ventilation (while monitoring CO 2 levels), inbuilt filtration systems, or portable air cleaners fitted with high efficiency particulate air [HEPA] filters). Test asymptomatic staff and students using lateral flow tests, with tracing and isolating infectious cases when incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is high. Support clinically vulnerable people to work remotely. There is no direct evidence to support hand sanitising, fomite controls or temperature-taking. There is evidence that freestanding plastic screens, face visors and electronic air-cleaning systems are ineffective. Conclusions: The above six evidence-based measures should be combined into a multi-faceted strategy to maximise both student safety and the continuation of in-person and online education provision. Staff and students seeking to negotiate a safe working and learning environment should collect data (e.g. CO 2 levels, room occupancy) to inform conversations.

Preceptoria como potencializadora da integração ensino-serviço na formação em Enfermagem / Preceptorship as an enabler of teaching-service integration in nursing education / La preceptoría como facilitadora de la integración enseñanza-servicio en educación en enfermería

Objetivo: Desvelar as contribuições da preceptoria para a integração ensino-serviço na formação em Enfermagem. Métodos: Pesquisa Apreciativa, realizada com oito enfermeiras professoras e preceptoras, no contexto da Atenção Primária, em um município do Oeste de Santa Catarina. As informações foram coletadas em 2019, por meio das quatro fases do "ciclo 4D", do inglês: discovery, dream, design e destiny. As informações foram gravadas e tratadas mediante análise temática com auxílio do software Atlas.ti, à luz da obra do educador Paulo Freire. Resultados: Os documents possibilitaram selecionar trechos significativos, associando-os a cinco code groups: aproximar/dialogar; atribuições do preceptor; mão de obra; planejamento; e troca de conhecimentos. A integração ensino-serviço apresenta-se como um processo em pleno fortalecimento na região, favorecida pelo desenvolvimento de competências para a preceptoria. Conclusão: Ao investir-se na qualificação pedagógica dos preceptores e no diálogo entre Universidade e serviço de saúde, torna-se tangível um destino favorável à formação em Enfermagem. (AU)

Objective: To unveil the contributions of preceptorship to the teaching-service integration in nursing education. Methods: Appreciative research, carried out with eight nurse teachers and tutors, in the context of Primary Care, in a municipality in the west of Santa Catarina. The information was collected in 2019, through the four phases of the "4D cycle", in English: discovery, dream, design and destiny. The information was recorded and treated through thematic analysis using the Atlas.ti software, in the light of the work of educator Paulo Freire. Results: The documents made it possible to select significant excerpts, associating them with five code groups: approach/dialogue; attributions of the preceptor; labor; planning and knowledge exchange. The teaching-service integration is presented as a process in full strengthening in the region, favored by the development of competences for preceptorship. Conclusion: By investing in the pedagogical qualification of preceptors and in the dialogue between the University and the health service, a favorable destination for Nursing education becomes tangible. (AU)

Objetivo: Dar a conocer los aportes de la preceptoría a la integración enseñanza-servicio en la formación en enfermería. Métodos: Investigación Apreciativa, realizada con ocho profesores y tutores de enfermería, en el contexto de Atención Primaria, en una ciudad del occidente de Santa Catarina. La información fue recolectada en 2019, a través de las cuatro fases del "ciclo 4D", en inglés: dream, discovery, design y destiny. La información fue registrada y tratada mediante análisis temático utilizando el software Atlas.ti, a la luz del trabajo del educador Paulo Freire. Resultados: Los documentos permitieron seleccionar extractos significativos, asociándolos con cinco grupos de códigos: enfoque/diálogo; atribuciones del preceptor; mano de obra; planificación; e intercambio de conocimientos. La integración docente-servicio se presenta como un proceso en pleno fortalecimiento en la región, favorecido por el desarrollo de competencias para la tutela. Conclusión: Al invertir en la capacitación pedagógica de los preceptores y en el diálogo entre la Universidad y el servicio de salud, se concreta un destino propicio para la formación en Enfermería. (AU)

The elite exclusion: stratified access and production during the Chinese higher education expansion.

This paper presents new evidence on how enrollment expansion affects higher education access and production with a focus on social inequality and institutional stratification. From 1999 to 2012, the world's largest higher education expansion happened in China that annual college enrollment dramatically increased from 1,083,600 to 6,888,300. We evaluate this exogenous, unprecedented policy using nationally representative student-level survey data and newly available confidential institution-level data. Enrollment expansion, which reduced per-student resources, negatively impacted college quality as measured by value-added on graduates' employment and earnings. The inequality in access between high- and low-SES students and the stratified production between college institutional tiers persisted during expansion.

Strategies for changing the nursing preceptorship activity in Primary Health Care / Estrategias para el cambio en la actividad de preceptoría en enfermería en la Atención Primaria de Salud / Estratégias para a mudança na atividade de preceptoria em enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: to present actions to qualify preceptorship and teaching-health service integration to strengthen nursing training in PHC internship. Methods: qualitative research, developed through the Appreciative Inquiry Research carried out with eight nurses, both from the fields of teaching and health service, within Primary Health Care. The production and documentation of information took place between April and June 2019, through five meetings that characterized the four phases that make up the "4D cycle": Discovery, Dream, Design, and Destiny. Ethical issues were respected. Results: the participants dreamed of the best scenario for preceptorship and built a schedule of actions related to the qualification of preceptorship in Nursing and the strengthening of teaching-health service integration. Final Considerations: it is possible, through effective participation of the actors involved in teaching and practice, the collective development of goals and actions, aiming at the qualification of nursing education.

RESUMEN Objetivos: presentar acciones para calificar la preceptoría e integración enseñanza-servicio, con vistas al fortalecimiento de la formación en Enfermería con prácticas en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, desarrollado por medio de Investigación Apreciativa realizada con ocho enfermeras, procedentes de la enseñanza y servicio, en ámbito de Atención Primaria de Salud. Producción y registro de informaciones ocurrieron entre abril y junio de 2019, mediante cinco encuentros que caracterizaron las cuatro fases que constituyen el "ciclo 4D": Discovery, Dream, Design y Destiny. Cuestiones éticas fueron respetadas. Resultados: las participantes soñaron con el mejor escenario para la preceptoría y construyeron un cronograma de acciones relacionadas a calificación de la preceptoría en Enfermería y fortalecimiento de la integración enseñanza-servicio. Consideraciones Finales: es posible, basado en la participación efectiva de los actores envueltos en la enseñanza y servicio, el desarrollo colectivo de metas y acciones, visando a calificación de la formación en Enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivos: apresentar ações para qualificar a preceptoria e a integração ensino-serviço, com vistas ao fortalecimento da formação em Enfermagem com estágio na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido por meio da Pesquisa Apreciativa realizada com oito enfermeiras, procedentes do ensino e do serviço, no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde. A produção e o registro das informações ocorreram entre abril e junho de 2019, mediante cinco encontros que caracterizaram as quatro fases que constituem o "ciclo 4D": Discovery, Dream, Design e Destiny. As questões éticas foram respeitadas. Resultados: as participantes sonharam com o melhor cenário para a preceptoria e construíram um cronograma de ações relacionadas à qualificação da preceptoria em Enfermagem e fortalecimento da integração ensino-serviço. Considerações Finais: é possível, com base na participação efetiva dos atores envolvidos no ensino e no serviço, o desenvolvimento coletivo de metas e ações, visando à qualificação da formação em Enfermagem.

Repercussões das diretrizes curriculares nacionais de 2014 nos projetos pedagógicos das novas escolas médicas / Repercusiones de las directrices curriculares nacionales de 2014 en los Proyectos Pedagógicos de las nuevas escuelas médicas / Repercussions of the 2014 national curricular guidelines on the pedagogical projects of new medical schools

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais orientam a constituição dos currículos para ordenamento da formação profissional em saúde e os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos as articulam às práticas pedagógicas. Esta pesquisa analisou as repercussões das Diretrizes Curriculares de 2014 nos projetos pedagógicos das escolas médicas criadas após sua publicação. De abordagem qualitativa, faz análise documental dos referidos projetos orientada pela hermenêutica crítica. Os achados revelam forte alinhamento dos projetos analisados às diretrizes curriculares. Identificou-se deslocamento do paradigma flexneriano para a integralidade, tendendo para formação de profissionais voltada às reais necessidades da população. Outros achados são as diferenças na concepção do médico de formação geral e na utilização das metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Evidenciou-se ainda matrizes curriculares com concepções cuja proposta de integração ensino-serviço-comunidade não pareceu estar garantida, sugerindo a manutenção de propostas baseadas em disciplinas. (AU)

Las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales orientan la constitución de los currículos para ordenamiento de la formación profesional en salud y los Proyectos Pedagógicos de los Cursos las articulan con las prácticas pedagógicas. Esta investigación analizó las repercusiones de las Directrices Curriculares de 2014 en los Proyectos Pedagógicos de las escuelas médicas creadas después de su publicación. De abordaje cualitativo, hace análisis documental de los referidos proyectos orientados por la hermenéutica crítica. Los hallazgos revelan un fuerte alineamiento de los proyectos analizados con las directrices curriculares. Se identificó un desplazamiento del paradigma flexneriano para la integralidad, tendiendo a la formación de profesionales enfocada en las necesidades reales de la población. Otros hallazgos son las diferencias en la concepción del médico de formación general y en la utilización de las metodologías activas de enseñanza aprendizaje. Se evidenciaron también matrices curriculares con concepciones cuya propuesta de integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad no parecía estar garantizada, sugiriendo el mantenimiento de propuestas con base en asignaturas. (AU)

The Brazilian national curricular guidelines on health education steer curriculum composition so as to organize professional training in this field. Pedagogical projects for courses connect these guidelines to pedagogical practices. This study assessed the repercussions of the 2014 curricular guidelines for the pedagogical projects of medical schools that were created after publication of the guidelines. A qualitative approach was taken, with analysis on documents of these projects guided by critical hermeneutics. Strong alignment between these projects and the curricular guidelines was found. A shift from the Flexner paradigm to comprehensiveness was identified, such that the professional training tended towards the real needs of the population. Differences in the conception of general medical practitioners and in the use of active teaching-learning methodologies were found. Curricular conceptions in which the proposed teaching-service-community integration did not seem to be guaranteed were evident, thus suggesting that proposals based on disciplines had remained present. (AU)

Mapeamento e experiências de indígenas nas escolas médicas federais brasileiras: acesso e políticas de permanência / Mapeo y experiencias de indígenas en las escuelas médicas federales brasileñas: acceso y políticas de permanencia / Access and retention policies for indigenous people in Brazilian federal medical schools: mapping and experiences

A trajetória do ensino superior no Brasil é marcada pela restrição ao grupo privilegiado da população, com exclusão de pessoas indígenas. Nas últimas duas décadas, ações afirmativas foram desenvolvidas e possibilitaram o acesso de alguns indígenas às graduações de Medicina. Objetivando-se mapear e conhecer as experiências desses estudantes nas universidades federais brasileiras, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa exploratória, quanti-qualitativa. Foram identificados 192 estudantes indígenas em 43 escolas médicas no ano de 2019. Dessas, 14 foram visitadas, realizando-se entrevistas narrativas com 24 indígenas estudantes de Medicina. Na análise temática de conteúdo emergiram experiências narradas pelos estudantes com foco em duas categorias: acesso à escola médica e políticas de permanência nas instituições. Ao conhecer as experiências desses estudantes no meio universitário, torna-se possível contribuir para sua permanência nos cursos, superando a invisibilidade e oportunizando trajetórias que correspondam às expectativas dos povos indígenas na formação médica. (AU)

La trayectoria de la enseñanza superior en Brasil está marcada por su restricción al grupo privilegiado de la población, con exclusión de personas indígenas. En las últimas dos décadas se desarrollaron acciones afirmativas que posibilitaron el acceso de algunos indígenas a los cursos de graduación de medicina. Con el objetivo de mapear y conocer las experiencias de esos estudiantes en las universidades federales brasileñas, se desarrolló una investigación exploratoria cuanti-cualitativa. Se identificaron 192 estudiantes indígenas en 43 escuelas médicas, en el año 2019. Entre ellas, se visitaron 14, realizándose entrevistas narrativas con 24 indígenas estudiantes de Medicina. En el análisis temático de contenido surgieron experiencias narradas por los estudiantes, enfocadas en dos categorías: Acceso a la escuela médica; Políticas de permanencia en las instituciones. Al conocer las experiencias de estos estudiantes en el medio universitario resulta posible contribuir a su permanencia en los cursos, superando la invisibilidad y dando oportunidad a trayectorias que correspondan a las expectativas de los pueblos indígenas en la formación médica. (AU)

Higher education in Brazil is known by being restricted to a privileged group, excluding the indigenous people. In the two last decades, affirmative action policies were developed to allow members of indigenous peoples access to Medical courses. In order to scan the students' experience at Federal Universities, the study developed a quantitative and qualitative exploratory research. A group of 192 indigenous students were identified in 43 medical schools during 2019. Fourteen schools were visited, and 24 indigenous medical students held narrative interviews. The thematic subject analyses, showed two categories: Access to medical school; Policies of retention in the institutions. The students' experiences at the campuses may contribute to their permanence in the courses, overcoming the invisibility and providing opportunities to reach the indigenous people expectations regarding the medical career. (AU)

La Didáctica en la preparación del personal docente: sugerencias del Dr. Juan Virgilio López Palacio / Didactics in the preparation of the teaching staff: suggestions of Ph D. Juan Virgilio López Palacio

RESUMEN Introducción: refiere la importancia de la Didáctica en la preparación del personal docente universitario, teniendo en cuenta las sugerencias del Dr. Juan Virgilio López Palacio, profesor destacado de la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, quien reafirma la necesidad de incluir estos programas en todas las carreras universitarias, donde se forman alumnos que más tarde ejercerán como docentes. Objetivo: fundamentar la importancia de la Didáctica en la preparación del personal docente universitario, según las sugerencias del Dr. Juan Virgilio López Palacio. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre enero-marzo 2019. Se consideraron artículos originales y de revisión en textos digitales e impresos, en español. Los artículos digitalizados se consultaron en SciELO, Dialnet y Google Académico. Se tuvo como criterios de inclusión: mención a la Didáctica y a la formación del personal docente universitario. Desarrollo: se exponen criterios de varios autores y en especial se toman como referente las sugerencias del Dr. López Palacio, sobre la preparación del profesor universitario como una prioridad de la universidad del siglo XXI y la influencia de la Didáctica en su formación, se proponen algunas acciones que demandan su aplicación como ciencia que ofrece al docente una preparación integral, válida para los diferentes niveles de enseñanza. Conclusiones: la preparación docente del profesor universitario debe comenzar desde el inicio de su carrera con la introducción de la Didáctica en sus currículos, y tendrá su continuidad en programas de posgrado para garantizar su actualización permanente y sistemática.

ABSTRACT Background: it refers to the importance of Didactics in the preparation of the university teaching staff, taking into account the suggestions of PhD. López Palacio, an outstanding professor at "Marta Abreu" Central University of Las Villas, who reaffirms the need to include these programs in all university degrees, where students who will later practice as teachers are trained. Objective: to base the importance of Didactics in the preparation of the university teaching staff, according to the suggestions of PhD. López Palacio. Method: a bibliographic review was carried out from January to March 2019. Original and review articles were considered in electronic and printed texts, in Spanish. The scanned articles were consulted on SciELO, Dialnet and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were included: mention of Didactics and the training of the university teaching staff. Development: criteria of several authors are presented and in particular the suggestions of PhD. López Palacio are taken as a reference, about the preparation of the university professor as a priority of the university of the 21st century and the role that Didactics plays in its formation, they propose some actions that demand the application of Didactics, as a science that offers the teacher a comprehensive preparation, valid for the different teaching levels. Conclusions: the teaching preparation of the university professor must begin since the beginning of its career with the introduction of Didactics in its curricula, and it will have its continuity in postgraduate programs to guarantee its steady and systematic updating.

Da formação ao exercício da tutoria em educação permanente em saúde / Training the exercise of tutoring in permanent health education / De la formación al ejercicio de tutoría en la educación permanente en salud

Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar uma experiência de percurso histórico-metodológico da formação e da tutoria em educação permanente em saúde (EPS). Trata-se da vivência na formação e atuação como tutor, na modalidade de ensino semipresencial, no curso destinado a trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Envolveu seis docentes organizadores, 60 formadores, 600 tutores e 6 mil alunos. Foram 18 meses de curso, mediado por uma plataforma virtual, ao longo dos quais discuti o papel da EPS nos serviços de saúde, rastreei cenários de aprendizado e vivi relatos de experiência da EPS. Inicialmente, houve estranhamento com a proposta metodológica, com o exercício de identificar a partir da prática as bases teóricas do processo de trabalho, a construção coletiva do conhecimento em EPS e com o trabalho cotidiano e a lentidão na utilização da plataforma. A experiência constituiu-se em incentivo para a participação em novas iniciativas de EPS na modalidade de ensino a distância e presencial.

This article aims to report a historical-methodological experience with training and tutoring in permanent health education (PHE), through a blended course for workers of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Throughout the 18-month course mediated by a virtual platform and comprising six organizers, 60 teachers, 600 tutors, and 6,000 students, I discussed the role of EPS in health services, tracked learning scenarios, and lived experience reports of EPS. Initially, the methodological proposal addressed some strangeness in regard to identifying the theoretical basis of the work process from the practice and the collective construction of knowledge in EPS, as well as in our daily work and struggles in using the platform. In conclusion, the experiment encouraged participation in new EPS initiatives, be it at distance or in person.

Este artículo propone relatar una experiencia de formación histórico-metodológica y de tutoría en educación permanente en salud (EPS). Esta es una experiencia de formación y actuación como tutor en la modalidad semipresencial en el curso para los trabajadores del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Participaron seis profesores organizadores, 60 entrenadores, 600 tutores y 6.000 alumnos. La duración del curso fue de 18 meses, mediado por plataforma virtual en el cual se discute el papel de EPS en los servicios de salud, seguindo escenarios de aprendizaje y relatos de experiencias de EPS. Inicialmente hubo distanciamiento con la propuesta metodológica, con el ejercicio de identificación práctica de la base teórica del proceso de trabajo, la construcción colectiva del conocimiento en EPS y en el trabajo diario y lento uso de la plataforma. La experiencia consistió en incentivos para la participación en nuevas iniciativas de EPS en la modalidad de enseñanza remota y presencial.

Integração ensino-serviço sob a percepção dos seus protagonistas / Teaching-service integration in the perception of its protagonists / Integración enseñanza-servicio en la percepción de sus protagonistas

"\"\\\"[{\\\\\\\"text\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"Objetivo: conhecer o processo de integração ensino-serviço na percepção dos docentes, estudantes e\\\\\\\\r\\\\\\\\nprofissionais de saúde. Método: pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com 31 protagonistas, entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2015 e, analisados a partir do referencial teórico de Donald Schön. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: construção do processo de integração ensino-serviço: o aprender por meio do fazer; limites do processo de integração ensino-serviço: uma política instituída pela escola e pelo serviço? Considerações finais: a integração ensino-serviço é percebida como um processo fundamental para a formação de enfermeiros e necessita resgatar, periodicamente, seus objetivos, dentre eles, aproximar os estudantes do cenário da prática. A dimensão política do processo precisa ser retomada pelos cursos de graduação em enfermagem e pelos serviços para a efetivação de uma formação voltada para Sistema Único de Saúde.\\\\\\\", \\\\\\\"_i\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"pt\\\\\\\"}, {\\\\\\\"text\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"Aim: know the process of teaching-service integration in the perception of teachers, students and\\\\\\\\r\\\\\\\\nhealth professionals. Method: descriptive, qualitative research. Data were collected through interviews, with 31 protagonists, between October and December 2015, and analyzed using the theoretical framework of Donald Schön. Results: two categories emerged: construction of the teaching-service integration process: learning through professional practice; the limits of the process of teaching-service integration: a policy instituted by the school and the service? Final considerations: the teaching-service integration is perceived as a fundamental process for the training of nurses and needs to periodically rescue their objectives, among them, to bring the students closer to the practice scenario. The political dimension of the process needs to be taken up by nursing undergraduate courses and by the services for the implementation of a training focused on the Unified Health System.\\\\\\\", \\\\\\\"_i\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"en\\\\\\\"}, {\\\\\\\"text\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"Objetivo: conocer el proceso de integración enseñanza-servicio en la percepción de docentes,\\\\\\\\r\\\\\\\\nestudiantes y profesionales de salud. Método: investigación descriptiva, cualitativa. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas, con 31 protagonistas, entre los meses de octubre y diciembre de 2015 y analizados a partir del referencial teórico de Donald Schön. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías: construcción del proceso de integración enseñanza-servicio: el aprender por medio del hacer; límites del proceso de integración enseñanzaservicio: ¿una política instituida por la escuela y por el servicio? Consideraciones finales: la integración enseñanza-servicio es comprendida como un proceso fundamental para la formación de enfermeros y necesita rescatar, periódicamente, sus objetivos, entre ellos, aproximar a los estudiantes del escenario de la práctica. La dimensión política del proceso necesita ser retomada por los cursos de graduación en enfermería y por los servicios para la consolidación de una formación orientada al Sistema Único de Salud.\\\\\\\", \\\\\\\"_i\\\\\\\": \\\\\\\"es\\\\\\\"}]\\\"\""

Aspectos Pedagógicos do Aprender e Ensinar na Rede de Saúde: a Proposta Sombra / Pedagogical Aspects of Learning and Teaching in the Health Network: the Shadow Proposal

RESUMO A inclusão do mundo do trabalho na formação funda, no processo ensino-aprendizagem em saúde, uma ligação indissociável entre as unidades de saúde e as instituições de ensino superior. Formar profissionais o mais próximo da realidade dos usuários, com participação ativa nos problemas e necessidades que estão postos na vida, é o principal motor deste processo e convoca profissionais, usuários, alunos e docentes a vivenciar uma permanente tensão entre cuidar e ensinar. O encontro entre o trabalhador de saúde, o aluno e o usuário revela-se o principal foco de intercâmbio pedagógico, configurando-se como um cenário produtor de conhecimento e de questões para investigação, além do exercício do cuidado em saúde. Algo que remete ao desafio de construir estruturas pedagógicas capazes de produzir cuidado e conhecimento a partir do mundo do trabalho e considera a articulação de modos de agir e cuidar no campo da saúde. Trabalhar em busca de constituir formas de ensinar/aprender significa operar e agir sobre conceitos e sobre o campo de experiência que se coloca como um problema do experimentar na existência, pois estamos imersos no mundo do trabalho e do cotidiano dos serviços. Articular vínculo e responsabilidade dos sujeitos envolvidos com a produção do cuidado pode ser um meio de produzir maneiras de ensinar com outros sentidos e significados. Um arranjo em que a experiência no trabalho se torna capaz de produzir indícios para a construção de projetos terapêuticos e de ensinar produtores de sentido com respostas significativas às questões sobre cuidar e formar profissionais em saúde.

ABSTRACT Bringing the world of work into education forges, in the teaching/learning process in health, an inseparable link between health units and higher education institutions. The main driving force behind this process is to give professionals a training that is as close as possible to health users' reality, enabling them to actively participate in the problems and needs of users' lives. It invites professionals, users, students and teachers to experience the continual interplay between caring and teaching. The meeting between the health worker, the student and the user is the main focus of the pedagogical exchange, as a scenario that produces knowledge and questions for research, besides the practice of health care itself. In this scenario, the challenge is to construct pedagogical structures capable of producing care and knowledge, based on the world of work, and considering the articulation of ways of acting and caring in the field of health. Working to find ways of teaching and learning means engaging and acting on concepts, and on the field of experience that is posed as a problem for real-life experience, as we are immersed in the world of work and in the day-to-day service. Articulating the links, and responsibility of the subjects involved with the production of care may be a means of producing forms of teaching that has other meanings and significances. It is an arrangement in which work experience becomes capable of producing indications for the construction of therapeutic projects, and of teaching producers of meaning which provide answers to questions about caring and training health professionals.